众议院共和党经过通宵会议通过了特朗普的大规模减税和项目削减法案

【中美创新时报2025 年 5 月 22 日编译讯】（记者温友平编译）众议院共和党人熬夜通过了数万亿美元的减税方案，众议院议长迈克·约翰逊不顾怀疑，团结众议员力量，于周四推动唐纳德·特朗普总统的优先法案获得批准。美联社记者LISA MASCARO、KEVIN FREKING、LEAH ASKARINAM 和 JOEY CAPPELLETTI对此作了下述报道。

在特朗普最后一刻做出让步并发出严厉警告后，共和党的反对派基本上放弃了反对意见，转而挽救共和党议程核心的“一项伟大的美丽法案”。众议院在午夜前启动了辩论，到黎明时分，投票结果公布，215票赞成、214票反对，民主党人坚决反对。接下来，该法案将提交参议院审议。

“简单地说，这项法案让美国人重新获得胜利，”路易斯安那州共和党人约翰逊说。

这一结果标志着国会山紧张的局势达到了顶峰，国会山经历了数日的私人谈判和公开委员会听证会，许多听证会接连举行，昼夜不停。共和党人坚称，他们这份长达1000多页的庞大方案正是选民们将他们送到国会——以及特朗普送到白宫——的初衷。他们相信，正如一位共和党人在辩论中所说，这将成为美国经济的“火箭燃料”。

特朗普本人也要求采取行动，他在周二的会议上拜访了众议院共和党人，并于周三在白宫与共和党领导人和反对派举行了一场漫长的会谈。投票前，政府在一份尖锐的声明中警告称：“如果这项法案未能通过，将是最终的背叛。”

该方案的核心是共和党承诺延长特朗普2017年第一任期内制定的约4.5万亿美元税收减免政策，同时暂时增加特朗普在2024年竞选期间提出的新政策，包括小费、加班费、汽车贷款利息等免税。

为了弥补部分税收损失，共和党重点改革了医疗补助计划和食品券计划，主要措施是对许多领取福利的人施加工作要求。此外，拜登时代《通胀削减法案》中规定的绿色能源税收减免也大幅缩减。

此外，该计划还增加了 3500 亿美元的新支出，其中约 1500 亿美元将用于五角大楼，包括总统新的“金色圆顶”防御盾，其余资金将用于特朗普的大规模驱逐和边境安全议程。

总而言之，无党派的国会预算办公室估计，根据拟议的改革，每月将有 860 万人失去医疗保险，300 万人失去 SNAP 食品券福利。

国会预算办公室表示，税收条款将使联邦赤字在未来十年内增加3.8万亿美元，而医疗补助、食品券和其他服务的改革将导致支出减少1万亿美元。报告称，美国收入最低的家庭将面临资源减少，而收入最高的家庭将面临资源增加。

纽约州众议院民主党领袖哈基姆·杰弗里斯宣读了美国民众的来信，信中描述了这些削减项目将给他们带来的伤害。“这是一项丑陋的法案，”他说。

作为少数派，民主党没有足够的票数阻止特朗普的方案，于是他们发表慷慨激昂的演讲，并采取程序性举措来阻止其推进。众议院重新开放辩论后，民主党立即强行投票休会。但休会失败了。

加州民主党众议员皮特·阿吉拉尔 (Pete Aguilar) 表示，“他们想在黑夜中通过这项共和党的税务骗局”。

其他民主党人称其为“重大的、糟糕的法案”或“重大的、违背的承诺”。

整理并推动该方案通过对约翰逊来说是一个巨大的政治提升，因为他在共和党占多数的普通共和党人中几乎没有留下多少选票，而共和党人自身的优先事项也存在冲突。

保守派，特别是自由党团，坚持要求大幅削减开支，以分摊国家 36 万亿美元债务的成本。

与此同时，立场较为温和的中间派共和党议员对医疗补助计划（Medicaid）的改革持谨慎态度，称其可能导致选民失去医疗保健。一些人担心，可再生能源税收减免的逐步取消将阻碍许多州的企业利用这些优惠投资绿色能源项目。

一个大问题是与纽约和其他高税收州的共和党议员达成了一项昂贵的协议，将州和地方税的 10,000 美元扣除额（称为 SALT）增加四倍，对于高达 500,000 美元的收入，扣除额达到 40,000 美元，这已包含在最终产品中。

约翰逊试图满足每一个派系的要求，都会招致另一个派系的强烈反对。

深夜，共和党领导人公布了一份长达42页的修正案，其中包含一些修改内容。

这些变化包括加快实施医疗补助工作要求，该要求将于 2026 年 12 月开始实施，而不是 2029 年 1 月，以及加快取消清洁电力项目的生产税收抵免，这两项都是保守派所追求的。

最终版本中还包含一些意想不到的补充内容，包括为国土安全部提供 120 亿美元的资金，用于补偿帮助联邦官员进行驱逐出境和边境安全工作的各州。

为了体现特朗普的影响力，共和党将一项拟议的新儿童储蓄计划重新命名为总统的名字，将其从 MAGA 账户（增长和进步的货币账户）改为简单的“特朗普”账户。

印第安纳州共和党众议员艾琳·霍钦表示，美国人不应该相信民主党人对该法案影响的悲观预测。“我们可以开启美国的‘黄金时代’，”她重复了总统的话。

到了凌晨时分，主要反对者似乎开始接受。卡罗来纳州共和党众议员拉尔夫·诺曼表示，他们“取得了一些进展”。

但两名共和党人投票反对该方案，其中包括曾受到特朗普公开批评的赤字观察人士、肯塔基州众议员托马斯·马西，他们对此无动于衷。“这项法案是一颗正在滴答作响的债务炸弹，”他警告说。

自由党团主席安迪·哈里斯众议员希望获得更多时间，因此投了赞成票。其他一些人没有投票。

对整个方案的成本和经济影响的最终分析仍在评估中。

除了延长现有的税收减免政策外，该法案还将提高联合申报者的标准所得税抵扣额至3.2万美元，并将儿童税收抵免额提高至2500美元。对于达到一定收入水平的老年人，还将额外提供4000美元的抵扣额，以帮助其支付社会保障收入的税款。

为了削减开支，寻求医疗补助的人员，即没有受抚养人的健全成年人，每月需要工作或参与其他社区活动 80 小时。

同样，要通过 SNAP 领取食品券，年龄不超过 64 岁（而非 54 岁）且身体健全、无受抚养人的人士，需要满足每月 80 小时工作或社区参与的要求。此外，一些 7 岁以上儿童的父母也需要满足工作要求。

共和党人表示，他们希望根除联邦项目中的浪费、欺诈和滥用行为。

美联社记者克里斯·梅格里安对本报道亦有贡献。

题图：众议院议长迈克·约翰逊在国会大厦新闻发布会上发表讲话。图片来源：Rod Lamkey/美联社

附原英文报道：

House Republicans pass Trump’s big bill of tax breaks and program cuts after all-night session

By LISA MASCARO, KEVIN FREKING, LEAH ASKARINAM and JOEY CAPPELLETTI The Associated Press,Updated May 22, 2025

Speaker of the House Mike Johnson speaks during a news conference at the Capitol.Rod Lamkey/Associated Press

WASHINGTON (AP) — House Republicans stayed up all night to pass their multitrillion-dollar tax breaks package, with Speaker Mike Johnson defying the skeptics and unifying his ranks to muscle President Donald Trump’s priority bill to approval Thursday.

With last-minute concessions and stark warnings from Trump, the Republican holdouts largely dropped their opposition to salvage the “One Big Beautiful Bill” that’s central to the GOP agenda. The House launched debate before midnight and by dawn the vote was called, 215-214, with Democrats staunchly opposed. It next goes to the Senate.

“To put it simply, this bill gets Americans back to winning again,” said Johnson, R-La.

The outcome caps an intense time on Capitol Hill, with days of private negotiations and public committee hearings, many happening back-to-back, around-the-clock. Republicans insisted their sprawling 1,000-page-plus package was what voters sent them to Congress — and Trump to the White House — to accomplish. They believe it will be “rocket fuel,” as one put it during debate, for the uneasy U.S. economy.

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Trump himself demanded action, visiting House Republicans at Tuesday’s conference meeting and hosting GOP leaders and the holdouts for a lengthy session Wednesday at the White House. Before the vote, the administration warned in a pointed statement that “failure to pass this bill would be the ultimate betrayal.”

Central to the package is the GOP’s commitment to extending some $4.5 trillion in tax breaks they engineered during Trump’s first term in 2017, while temporarily adding new ones he campaigned on during his 2024 campaign, including no taxes on tips, overtime pay, car loan interest and others.

To make up for some of the lost tax revenue, the Republicans focused on changes to Medicaid and the food stamps program, largely by imposing work requirements on many of those receiving benefits. There’s also a massive rollback of green energy tax breaks from the Biden-era Inflation Reduction Act.

Additionally, the package tacks on $350 billion in new spending, with about $150 billion going to the Pentagon, including for the president’s new ” Golden Dome” defense shield, and the rest for Trump’s mass deportation and border security agenda.

All told, the nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office estimates 8.6 million fewer people would have health care coverage and 3 million less people a month would have SNAP food stamps benefits with the proposed changes.

The CBO said the tax provisions would increase federal deficits by $3.8 trillion over the decade, while the changes to Medicaid, food stamps and other services would tally $1 trillion in reduced spending. The lowest-income households in the U.S. would see their resources drop, while the highest ones would see a boost, it said.

House Democratic leader Hakeem Jeffries of New York read letters from Americans describing the way the program cuts would hurt them. “This is one big ugly bill,” he said.

As the minority, without the votes to stop Trump’s package, Democrats instead offered up impassioned speeches and procedural moves to stall its advance. As soon as the House floor reopened for debate, the Democrats forced a vote to adjourn. It failed.

In “the dark of night they want to pass this GOP tax scam,” said Rep. Pete Aguilar, D-Calif.

Other Democrats called it a “big, bad bill” or a “big, broken promise.”

Pulling the package together and pushing it to passage has been an enormous political lift for Johnson, with few votes to spare from his slim GOP majority whose rank-and-file Republicans have conflicting priorities of their own.

Conservatives, particularly from the Freedom Caucus, held out for steeper spending cuts to defray costs piling onto the nation’s $36 trillion debt.

At the same time, more moderate and centrist GOP lawmakers were wary of the changes to Medicaid that could result in lost health care for their constituents. And some worried the phaseout of the renewable energy tax breaks will impede businesses using them to invest in green energy projects in many states.

One big problem had been the costly deal with GOP lawmakers from New York and other high-tax states to quadruple the $10,000 deduction for state and local taxes, called SALT, to $40,000 for incomes up to $500,000, which was included in the final product.

For every faction Johnson tried to satisfy, another would roar in opposition.

Late in the night, GOP leaders unveiled a 42-page amendment with a number of revisions.

The changes included speedier implementation of the Medicaid work requirements, which will begin in December 2026, rather than January 2029, and a faster roll back of the production tax credits for clean electricity projects, both sought by the conservatives.

Also tucked into the final version were some unexpected additions — including a $12 billion fund for the Department of Homeland Security to reimburse states that help federal officials with deportations and border security.

And in a nod to Trump’s influence, the Republicans renamed a proposed new children’s savings program after the president, changing it from MAGA accounts — money account for growth and advancement — to simply “Trump” accounts.

Rep. Erin Houchin, R-Ind., said Americans shouldn’t believe the dire predictions from Democrats about the impact of the bill. “We can unlock the ‘Golden Age’ of America,” she said, echoing the president’s own words.

By early morning hours, the chief holdouts appeared to be falling in line. Rep. Ralph Norman, R-S.C., said they “got some improvements.”

But two Republicans voted against the package, including Rep. Thomas Massie of Kentucky, a deficit watcher who had been publicly criticized by Trump, remained unmoved. “This bill is a debt bomb ticking,” he warned.

And Rep. Andy Harris, the chairman of the Freedom Caucus who wanted more time, voted present. Some others did not vote.

Final analysis of the overall package’s costs and economic impacts are still being assessed.

Along with extending existing tax breaks, it would increase the standard income tax deduction, to $32,000 for joint filers, and boost the child tax credit to $2,500. There would be an enhanced deduction, of $4,000, for older adults of certain income levels, to help defray taxes on Social Security income.

To cut spending, those seeking Medicaid health care, who are able-bodied adults without dependents, would need to fulfill 80 hours a month on a job or in other community activities.

Similarly, to receive food stamps through SNAP, those up to age 64, rather than 54, who are able-bodied and without dependents, would need to meet the 80 hours a month work or community engagement requirements. Additionally, some parents of children older than 7 years old would need to fulfill the work requirements.

Republicans said they want to root out waste, fraud and abuse in the federal programs.

Associated Press writer Chris Megerian contributed to this report.