美国宣布与乌克兰达成矿产资源共享协议
【中美创新时报2025 年 5 月 1 日编译讯】（记者温友平编译）根据特朗普政府周三宣布的一项协议，美国将与乌克兰分享其矿产储备的未来收入，该协议将在两国之间设立一个联合投资基金。特朗普政府没有立即提供有关该协议的细节，目前尚不清楚该协议对美国未来对乌克兰的军事支持意味着什么。《纽约时报》记者艾伦·拉佩波特 (Alan Rappeport) 和迈克尔·克劳利 (Michael Crowley) 从华盛顿、安德鲁·E·克莱默 (Andrew E. Kramer) 和金·巴克 (Kim Barker) 从基辅对此进行了下述报道。
这项协议是在数月紧张谈判之后达成的，美国正试图斡旋乌克兰结束与俄罗斯长达三年的战争。该协议旨在让特朗普总统对乌克兰的命运拥有切身的利益，同时化解他对美国向基辅提供“空头支票”以抵御俄罗斯入侵的担忧。
美国财政部长斯科特·贝森特在一份声明中表示：“这项协议向俄罗斯明确表明，特朗普政府致力于长期致力于以自由、主权和繁荣的乌克兰为中心的和平进程。特朗普总统设想美国人民与乌克兰人民建立这种伙伴关系，以表明双方对乌克兰持久和平与繁荣的承诺。”
他补充道：“需要明确的是，任何为俄罗斯战争机器提供资金或供应的国家或个人都不得从乌克兰的重建中获益。”
特朗普政府尚未立即公布该协议的细节，目前尚不清楚该协议对美国未来对乌克兰军事支持的影响。一位不愿透露姓名的知情人士表示，最终协议并未明确保证美国未来提供安全援助。另一位人士表示，美国在谈判初期就否决了这一想法。尽管该协议声势浩大，但如果乌克兰和俄罗斯之间的战斗持续下去，其意义将不大。
但乌克兰的支持者希望，该协议能让特朗普不再将乌克兰视为无底洞和与俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·V·普京改善关系的障碍。
去年 9 月，乌克兰总统泽连斯基在特朗普大厦会见特朗普时首次提出了让美国持有乌克兰矿产股份的想法。
虽然声明中没有提及乌克兰的矿产，但财政部发言人表示，该协议确实提到了谈判主题的自然资源协议。
美国财政部表示，美国国际开发金融公司将与乌克兰合作，敲定协议细节。
乌克兰总理丹尼斯·什米哈尔在Telegram上发文称，两国对该基金将拥有平等的投票权，乌克兰将保留对其地下资源、基础设施和自然资源的完全控制权。该文还表示，该投资基金的利润将重新投资于乌克兰。
根据其帖子的翻译，什米哈尔先生表示：“凭借这项协议，我们将能够吸引大量资源用于重建，启动经济增长，并从美国的合作伙伴和战略投资者那里获得最新技术。”
在华盛顿，乌克兰的几个盟友稍稍松了一口气，称该协议比之前的版本有了显著改善，并且表明基辅可以与特朗普进行建设性合作。
“他们达成的矿产协议比最初提出的协议好得多，”前美国驻基辅大使威廉·B·泰勒(William B. Taylor)说。“美国人采纳了乌克兰人的很多建议。”
泰勒先生补充道：“这对停火谈判来说是一个好兆头。”
一位熟悉谈判情况的前美国官员表示，特朗普政府至少拒绝了乌克兰提出的一项包含明确安全保障的努力，例如继续向基辅提供美国军事援助。
但这位前官员表示，该协议将起到重要的作用，即与特朗普建立良好关系，并让他在国家生存和稳定中获得经济利益。
2月底，特朗普总统与泽连斯基在椭圆形办公室举行了一场爆炸性的会谈，导致该协议被推迟。此后两个月，谈判的主要症结在于，自2022年2月俄罗斯发动全面入侵以来，美国向乌克兰提供的援助是否应被视为乌克兰需要偿还的债务。
特朗普表示，乌克兰应该偿还这笔钱。乌克兰官员表示，如果乌克兰同意偿还，将给乌克兰带来数代的经济损失。
乌克兰最初提议吸引美国投资乌克兰的采矿业，以激励美国支持任何带有安全保障的和平协议，防止俄罗斯未来的侵略。
但该协议谈判自2月份启动以来就一直充满争议。特朗普除了表示乌克兰需要偿还美国的帮助外，还表示乌克兰应该向欧洲而非美国寻求安全保障。
早期草案摇摆不定，批评人士称特朗普政府对乌克兰进行了公然敲诈，而另一些版本则包含了乌克兰寻求的要点，例如提及美国对战后安全保障的支持。乌克兰表示，如果没有这些保障，俄罗斯可能会迅速违反停火协议，或在重组和重新武装后重启战争。
特朗普和泽连斯基原定于2月在白宫签署协议。但特朗普和副总统J·D·万斯非但没有签署，反而在电视镜头前斥责乌克兰领导人，称他对美国的援助不够感激。泽连斯基被要求离开。
特朗普政府随后短暂暂停向乌克兰提供所有美国军事援助和情报共享。特朗普表示，泽连斯基“应该更加感激”重启谈判。
第二天，泽连斯基主动提出要与特朗普会面，称椭圆形办公室的会面“令人遗憾”。
乌克兰国内外一些人认为，这项协议不过是美国利用乌克兰对美国武器和财政支持的依赖，夺取宝贵自然资源的控制权，却没有提供强有力的回报保障。美国谈判代表表示，美国的投资将遏制乌克兰未来的侵略行为。
乌克兰和美国在4月16日签署的达成协议的意向备忘录中概述了成立一个基金用于战后重建投资的协议。
除了为美国公司在采矿、石油或天然气领域带来机遇之外，该基金还可以引导重建工作，预计一旦达成停火，重建工作将为美国公司带来数十亿美元的产业。
但泽连斯基已明确表示，矿产协议本身并非最终目的。他表示，达成协议旨在为就美国军事支持以及与俄罗斯可能达成的停火条款进行更具实质性的谈判铺平道路。
泽连斯基 3 月份在X 网站发帖称：“我们认为这项协议是朝着更高安全性和稳固安全保障迈出的一步，我真诚希望它能够有效发挥作用。”
乌克兰当局称，该国拥有20多种关键矿产资源；一家咨询公司估计这些矿产资源价值数万亿美元。但这些矿产资源的开采可能并不容易，而且苏联时期绘制的关键矿产资源地图从未进行过现代化更新，也从未经过彻底审查。
乌克兰目前每年的自然资源使用费收入约为 10 亿美元，远低于特朗普表示预计美国将从该协议中获得的数千亿美元。
这项收入分享协议对乌克兰来说正值危险时刻：俄罗斯军队已在战场上占据优势，而特朗普与普京的关系也更加密切。
美国提出的停火协议——至少是已公开的条款——对俄罗斯有利。该协议将迫使基辅放弃加入北约的愿望，只会向乌克兰提供模糊的安全保障，并导致美国正式承认克里米亚属于俄罗斯。乌克兰拒绝了这项协议。
特朗普政府曾多次威胁要退出和平谈判。周日，特朗普表示，他希望在两周或更短的时间内达成停火协议——后来他又表示，或许可以接受再多一点时间。
但特朗普也坚称，这项矿产协议必须签署。周五，他表示乌克兰与美国签署矿产协议至少晚了三周。“希望协议能立即签署，”他在“真相社交”（Truth Social）上写道。
周三，乌克兰官员抵达华盛顿并表示他们正在寻求一些后期修改，因此该协议存在一些不确定性。
贝森特在白宫举行的内阁会议上表示乐观，称该协议已于周末在原则上达成，并将很快签署。
“乌克兰方面昨晚决定在最后一刻做出一些修改，”贝森特先生说。“我们相信他们会重新考虑，如果他们愿意，我们准备今天下午签署。”
Cassandra Vinograd 、Constant Méheut和Oleksandra Mykolyshyn对本文亦有贡献。
题图：美国财政部长斯科特·贝森特和乌克兰副部长尤利娅·斯维里登科签署矿产协议。图源美国财政部。
附原英文报道：
U.S. Announces Deal to Share Ukraine’s Mineral Wealth
The Trump administration did not immediately provide details about the agreement, and it was not clear what it meant for the future of U.S. military support for Ukraine.
Scott Bessent, the U.S. Treasury secretary, and Yulia Svyrydenko, a Ukraine deputy minister, signing the minerals deal.Credit…U.S. Department of the Treasury
By Alan Rappeport、Michael Crowley、Andrew E. Kramer and Kim Barker
Alan Rappeport and Michael Crowley reported from Washington, and Andrew E. Kramer and Kim Barker from Kyiv.
Published April 30, 2025
Updated May 1, 2025
The United States will share future revenues from Ukraine’s mineral reserves under a deal announced by the Trump administration on Wednesday that creates a joint investment fund between the countries.
The agreement comes after months of fraught negotiations as the United States tries to broker an end to Ukraine’s three-year war with Russia. It is intended to give President Trump a personal stake in the country’s fate while addressing his concerns that the United States has provided Kyiv with a blank check to try to withstand Russia’s invasion.
“This agreement signals clearly to Russia that the Trump administration is committed to a peace process centered on a free, sovereign and prosperous Ukraine over the long term,” Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said in a statement. “President Trump envisioned this partnership between the American people and the Ukrainian people to show both sides’ commitment to lasting peace and prosperity in Ukraine.”
He added: “And to be clear, no state or person who financed or supplied the Russian war machine will be allowed to benefit from the reconstruction of Ukraine.”
The Trump administration did not immediately provide details about the agreement, and it was not clear what it meant for the future of American military support for Ukraine. One person familiar with the negotiations, discussing them on the condition of anonymity, said the final deal does not include explicit guarantees of future U.S. security assistance. Another said the United States rejected that idea early in the process. Despite the fanfare, the deal will have little significance if fighting between Ukraine and Russia persists.
But Ukraine’s supporters hope the agreement might lead Mr. Trump to see the country as something more than a money pit and an obstacle to improved relations with President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia.
The concept of giving the United States a stake in Ukraine’s minerals was first proposed to Mr. Trump by Ukraine’s president, Volodymyr Zelensky, during a meeting at Trump Tower last September.
While the announcement made no mention of Ukraine’s minerals, a Treasury Department spokesman said that the deal did refer to the natural resources pact that had been the subject of negotiations.
The Treasury Department said that the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation would work with Ukraine to finalize the details of the agreement.
In a post on Telegram, Ukraine’s prime minister, Denys Shmyhal, wrote that the two countries would have equal voting rights over the fund and that Ukraine would retain full control over its subsoil, infrastructure and natural resources. It also said that profits from the investment fund would be reinvested in Ukraine.
“Thanks to this agreement, we will be able to attract significant resources for reconstruction, start economic growth, and receive the latest technologies from partners and a strategic investor in the United States,” Mr. Shmyhal said, according to a translation of his post.
In Washington, several of Ukraine’s allies breathed a limited sigh of relief, calling the deal a notable improvement over earlier versions — and a sign that Kyiv can work constructively with Mr. Trump.
“They got a much better minerals deal” than the one first proposed, said William B. Taylor, a former U.S. ambassador to Kyiv. “The Americans took a lot of the Ukrainians’ suggestions.”
“A good sign for cease-fire negotiations,” Mr. Taylor added.
A former U.S. official familiar with the negotiations said that the Trump administration had rebuffed at least one Ukrainian effort to include explicit security guarantees, such as the continuation of U.S. military aid to Kyiv.
But the former official said the agreement would serve the important purpose of building good will with Mr. Trump, and giving him an economic interest in the country’s survival and stability.
The deal had been delayed after an explosive meeting in the Oval Office in late February between President Trump and Mr. Zelensky. In the two months since then, the major sticking point in the negotiations centered on whether the American aid given to Ukraine since Russia launched its full-scale invasion in February 2022 would be treated as debt that Ukraine needed to repay.
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Mr. Trump said that Ukraine should repay the money. Ukrainian officials said agreeing to do so would financially punish the country for generations.
Ukraine initially proposed drawing American investment into mining in Ukraine as an incentive for the United States to back any peace deal with security guarantees to prevent Russian aggression in the future.
But talks on the deal were contentious from their start in February. Besides saying that Ukraine needed to repay the United States for its help, Mr. Trump has also said that Ukraine should look to Europe, not the United States, for any security guarantees.
Earlier drafts had swiveled between what critics called a brazen extortion of Ukraine by the Trump administration and versions that included points sought by Ukraine, such as references to U.S. support for postwar security guarantees. Without them, Ukraine says, Russia could quickly violate any cease-fire or restart the war after regrouping and rearming.
Mr. Trump and Mr. Zelensky were meant to sign a deal at the White House in February. But instead of signing it, Mr. Trump and Vice President JD Vance berated the Ukrainian leader in front of TV cameras, saying he was not grateful enough for U.S. assistance. Mr. Zelensky was asked to leave.
The Trump administration then briefly suspended the delivery of all U.S. military aid and intelligence sharing for Ukraine. Mr. Trump said Mr. Zelensky “should be more appreciative” to restart negotiations.
Mr. Zelensky came forward with an overture the next day, calling the Oval Office meeting “regrettable.”
Some in and outside Ukraine have seen the deal as nothing more than the United States taking advantage of Ukraine’s reliance on American weaponry and financial support to win control of valuable natural resources, without offering strong guarantees in return. American negotiators have said that U.S. investment would deter future aggression.
In a memorandum of intent to conclude the deal, signed on April 16, Ukraine and the United States outlined an agreement to form a fund for investment in postwar rebuilding.
In addition to opening opportunities for U.S. companies in mining, oil or natural gas, the fund could steer reconstruction work, expected to be a multibillion-dollar business if a cease-fire is reached, to American companies.
But Mr. Zelensky has made clear that the minerals agreement is not an end in itself. Wrapping up the deal is aimed at clearing the way to more consequential talks on U.S. military backing and on the terms of a possible cease-fire with Russia, he said.
“We see this agreement as a step toward greater security and solid security guarantees, and I truly hope it will work effectively,” Mr. Zelensky said in March in a post on X.
Ukrainian authorities say the country holds deposits of more than 20 critical minerals; one consulting firm valued them as being worth several trillion dollars. But they may not be easy to extract, and the Soviet-era maps outlining where the critical deposits are have never been modernized nor have they all been thoroughly vetted.
Ukraine now earns about $1 billion a year in natural resources royalties, far below the hundreds of billions of dollars Mr. Trump said he expected the United States to gain from the agreement.
The revenue-sharing deal comes at a perilous moment for Ukraine: Russian forces have seized the advantage on the battlefield, and Mr. Trump has drawn closer to Mr. Putin.
A cease-fire deal proposed by the United States — at least the terms that have been made public — favors Russia. It would force Kyiv to abandon its aspirations of joining NATO, would offer Ukraine only vague security guarantees and would see the United States officially recognizing Crimea as Russian. Ukraine has rejected that deal.
The Trump administration has repeatedly threatened to walk away from peace negotiations. On Sunday, Mr. Trump said he wanted a cease-fire deal in two weeks or less — later on, he said a little more time might be acceptable.
But Mr. Trump has also insisted that the minerals deal needed to be signed. On Friday, he said Ukraine was at least three weeks late in signing the minerals agreement with the U.S. “Hopefully, it will be signed IMMEDIATELY,” he wrote on Truth Social.
There was some uncertainty about the deal on Wednesday, as Ukrainian officials arrived in Washington and indicated that they were seeking some late changes.
During a cabinet meeting at the White House, Mr. Bessent expressed optimism that the agreement, which he said was reached in principle over the weekend, would soon be signed.
“The Ukrainians decided last night to make some last-minute changes,” Mr. Bessent said. “We’re sure that they will reconsider that and we are ready to sign this afternoon if they are.”
Cassandra Vinograd, Constant Méheut and Oleksandra Mykolyshyn contributed reporting.
