【中美创新时报2024 年 11 月 19 日编译讯】（记者温友平编译）当选总统唐纳德·特朗普周一证实，他打算宣布国家紧急状态，并以某种形式动用美国军队协助他大规模驱逐没有合法居留身份的移民的计划。《纽约时报》记者查理·萨维奇和迈克尔·戈尔德对此作了下述报道。
特朗普在他的社交媒体平台 Truth Social 上连夜回应了保守派组织司法观察的负责人汤姆·菲顿本月发表的一篇帖子，他写道，特朗普政府将“宣布国家紧急状态，并将动用军事资产”通过“大规模驱逐计划”解决非法移民问题。
凌晨 4 点左右，特朗普转发了菲顿的帖子，并评论道：“真的！！！”
国会已授予总统广泛的权力，可自行宣布国家紧急状态，解锁待命权力，包括重新分配立法者拨给其他用途的资金。例如，在他的第一任期内，特朗普援引了这项权力，在边境墙上花费了比国会愿意批准的更多的资金。
在共和党初选期间接受《纽约时报》采访时，特朗普的首席移民政策顾问斯蒂芬·米勒在 2023 年 11 月发表的一篇文章中描述了这一点，他说，军事资金将用于建造“大型拘留设施，作为移民的中转中心”，因为他们的案件正在进展，他们正在等待飞往其他国家。
特朗普团队在第二任期内承诺的大规模驱逐行动的一个主要障碍是，移民和海关执法局 (ICE) 没有足够的空间来关押比目前多得多的被拘留者。
这有时会导致允许寻求庇护者在等待移民法官的开庭日期期间入境，批评者嘲笑这种做法是“抓了就放”。
特朗普团队认为，这样的营地可以让政府加速驱逐那些反对驱逐出境的移民。他们的想法是，如果在此期间不得不被关起来，更多的人会自愿接受驱逐，而不是努力留在美国。
米勒还谈到了援引公共卫生紧急权力来限制听取庇护申请，就像特朗普政府在新冠疫情期间所做的那样。
在寻求庇护者激增的情况下，特朗普在 2019 年宣布南部边境进入国家紧急状态，并将军事资金重新用于修建边境墙，这是摆脱与国会支出僵局的一种挽回面子的方法，这场僵局导致了政府关门。这导致了法律挑战，在拜登总统上台并停止进一步修建边境墙之前，这些挑战尚未得到明确解决。
特朗普团队表示，他们已经制定了一项多方面的计划，以大幅增加驱逐出境人数，他们认为即使没有国会的新立法，这一计划也可以实现，尽管他们预计会面临法律挑战。
该团队计划的其他内容包括加强 ICE 官员队伍，从其他机构临时调派执法官员，并调动州国民警卫队成员和联邦部队根据《叛乱法》在国内执行法律。
该团队还计划将一种无需正当程序的驱逐方式（称为快速驱逐）扩大到居住在边境附近、无法证明自己已在美国居住两年以上的人，这种驱逐方式目前用于新近抵达的移民。
该团队还计划停止向在国内出生、父母不是合法居民的移民婴儿发放公民身份确认文件（如护照和社会保障卡），以结束出生公民权。
特朗普已表示他打算通过人事公告来兑现承诺。他任命米勒为政府副幕僚长，负责影响国内政策。特朗普表示，他将任命托马斯·霍曼 (Thomas Homan) 为政府的“边境沙皇”，霍曼曾在特朗普第一届政府执政的头一年半里负责 ICE，是分离家庭以阻止移民的早期支持者。
2023 年，霍曼告诉《纽约时报》，在现任总统当选人特朗普宣布将再次竞选总统后不久，他就与特朗普会面。在那次会议上，霍曼说，他“同意回来”连任第二任期，并将“帮助组织和开展这个国家有史以来规模最大的驱逐行动”。
本文最初发表于《纽约时报》。
题图：唐纳德·特朗普。布兰登·贝尔/摄影师：布兰登·贝尔/盖蒂
附原英文报道：
Trump confirms plans to use the military to assist in mass deportations
By Charlie Savage and Michael Gold New York Times,Updated November 18, 2024
Donald Trump.Brandon Bell/Photographer: Brandon Bell/Getty
President-elect Donald Trump confirmed Monday that he intended to declare a national emergency and use the US military in some form to assist in his plans for mass deportations of immigrants who do not have legal residency status.
On his social media platform, Truth Social, Trump responded overnight to a post made this month by Tom Fitton, who runs conservative group Judicial Watch and who wrote that Trump’s administration would “declare a national emergency and will use military assets” to address illegal immigration “through a mass deportation program.”
Around 4 a.m., Trump reposted Fitton’s post with the comment, “TRUE!!!”
Congress has granted presidents broad power to declare national emergencies at their discretion, unlocking standby powers that include redirecting funds lawmakers had appropriated for other purposes. During his first term, for example, Trump invoked this power to spend more on a border wall than Congress had been willing to authorize.
In interviews with The New York Times during the Republican primary campaign, described in an article published in November 2023, Trump’s top immigration policy adviser, Stephen Miller, said that military funds would be used to build “vast holding facilities that would function as staging centers” for immigrants as their cases progressed and they waited to be flown to other countries.
One major impediment to the vast deportation operation that the Trump team has promised in his second term is that Immigration and Customs Enforcement, or ICE, lacks the space to hold a significantly larger number of detainees than it currently does.
That has sometimes led to allowing asylum-seekers into the country while they await court dates with immigration judges, a practice critics deride as “catch and release.”
The Trump team believes that such camps could enable the government to accelerate deportations of immigrants who fight their expulsion from the country. The idea is that more people would voluntarily accept removal instead of pursuing a long-shot effort to remain in the country if they had to stay locked up in the interim.
Miller has also talked about invoking a public health emergency power to curtail hearing asylum claims, as the Trump administration did during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Trump’s declaration of a national emergency at the southern border amid a surge in asylum-seekers and his reprogramming of military funds toward his border wall in 2019 was a face-saving way out of a spending standoff with Congress that had led to a government shutdown. It led to legal challenges that had not been definitively resolved before President Biden took over and halted further construction on the border wall.
Trump’s team said it had developed a multifaceted plan to significantly increase the number of deportations, which it thought could be accomplished without new legislation from Congress, although it anticipated legal challenges.
Other elements of the team’s plan include bolstering the ranks of ICE officers with law enforcement officials who would be temporarily reassigned from other agencies, and with state National Guard members and federal troops activated to enforce the law on domestic soil under the Insurrection Act.
The team also plans to expand a form of due-process-free expulsions known as expedited removal, which is currently used near the border for recent arrivals, to people living across the interior of the country who cannot prove they have been in the United States for more than two years.
And the team plans to stop issuing citizenship-affirming documents, like passports and Social Security cards, to infants born on domestic soil to migrant parents who are not legal residents in a bid to end birthright citizenship.
Trump has signaled his intent to follow through on his promises with personnel announcements. He named Miller as a deputy chief of staff in his administration with influence over domestic policy. And Trump said he would make Thomas Homan, who ran ICE for the first year and a half of the first Trump administration and was an early proponent of separating families to deter migrants, his administration’s “border czar.”
Homan told The New York Times in 2023 that he had met with Trump shortly after the now president-elect announced that he would seek office again. During that meeting, Homan said, he “agreed to come back” in a second term and would “help to organize and run the largest deportation operation this country’s ever seen.”
This article originally appeared in The New York Times.
