世界各国领导人在瑞士会面讨论乌克兰和平路线图 但俄罗斯明显缺席
【中美创新时报2024 年 6 月 16 日编译讯】（记者温友平编译）数十位世界领导人周六齐聚瑞士度假胜地，讨论如何为饱受战争蹂躏的乌克兰带来和平，但由于俄罗斯的缺席，任何真正突破的希望都被削弱了。美联社记者 JAMEY KEATEN 和 AAMER MADHANI 对此作了下述报道。
战争已经持续了两年多，交战双方的距离仍然比以往任何时候都要远，基辅坚持要求俄罗斯撤出其占领的所有乌克兰领土，莫斯科继续发动已经占领乌克兰东部和南部大片地区的猛烈攻势。
尽管俄罗斯缺席在俯瞰卢塞恩湖的布尔根施托克度假村举行的会议，乌克兰总统泽连斯基表示，衡量为期两天的会议成功的一个标准是“让世界重新认识到共同努力可以制止战争并建立公正和平的理念”。
与会者面临着一个棘手的平衡问题，许多人指责俄罗斯违反国际法，同时又对各自的立场保持谨慎，为莫斯科加入未来的和平谈判敞开大门，这些谈判有朝一日可能会结束冲突。
“这里有来自拉丁美洲、非洲、欧洲、中东和亚洲、太平洋、北美的代表和宗教领袖，”泽连斯基说。“现在，这里没有俄罗斯。为什么？因为如果俄罗斯对和平感兴趣，就不会有战争。”
“我们必须共同决定公正和平对世界意味着什么，以及如何以真正持久的方式实现它，”他说。 “在第一次和平峰会上，我们必须确定如何实现公正的和平，以便在第二次峰会上，我们就能真正结束战争。”
大约 100 个代表团中，约有一半由国家元首和政府首脑领导。分析人士表示，出席人数将是衡量乌克兰及其坚定的西方支持者对国际社会有多大吸引力的关键指标。
俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京周五试图给瑞士-乌克兰参加会议的倡议蒙上阴影。一些国家，如印度、土耳其和沙特阿拉伯，与因战争而制裁俄罗斯的西方大国不同，它们与莫斯科保持着有时有利可图的关系，它们也出席了会议。
沙特阿拉伯外交大臣费萨尔·本·法尔汉亲王在会议上表示，可信的和平谈判需要俄罗斯的参与，并需要“艰难的妥协”。
土耳其外交部长哈坎·菲丹承认俄罗斯和乌克兰之间存在不信任，他说：“双方都认为对方的举措（提出建议）是更广泛战争努力的延伸。”
“阁下们，我还必须指出，如果冲突的另一方——俄罗斯——在场，这次峰会可能会更加注重成果，”他补充道。
立陶宛总统吉塔纳斯·瑙塞达进入会场时表示，俄罗斯军队必须离开乌克兰，莫斯科必须对在那里犯下的罪行负责，并赔偿战争损失。立陶宛是北约成员国，也是前苏联加盟共和国乌克兰最坚定的支持者之一。
“现在这似乎不现实，但我认为我们必须保持团结，如果国际社会推动俄罗斯联邦，一切皆有可能，”他告诉美联社。“我认为情况非常清楚：乌克兰必须寻求领土完整。”
美国副总统卡马拉·哈里斯代表美国出席了在加州举行的筹款活动，而总统乔·拜登出席了该活动。哈里斯重申美国全力支持乌克兰，并宣布将为能源基础设施和民用安全等一系列项目提供 15 亿美元的新援助。
支持俄罗斯的中国加入了数十个国家的行列，没有出席此次活动。北京表示，任何和平进程都需要俄罗斯和乌克兰的参与，并提出了自己的和平理念。
上个月，中国和巴西在另一项倡议中达成了六项“共识”，以政治解决乌克兰危机，要求其他国家发挥作用，推动俄罗斯和乌克兰“在适当的时候”举行和平谈判。
乌克兰僵局关系到欧洲的安全——这是欧洲自二战以来最致命的冲突——以及大国地缘政治。
哈里斯和沙利文都承认，并非所有参与者都对最终的和平解决方案意见一致。
控制乌克兰近四分之一领土的俄罗斯军队近几个月来取得了领土扩张。去年夏天，当瑞士主办的和平峰会开始被讨论时，乌克兰军队刚刚收复大片领土，特别是南部城市赫尔松和北部城市哈尔科夫附近。
会议围绕三个议程项目展开，这被视为泽连斯基提出的十点和平“方案”中最不具争议的部分：核安全，包括俄罗斯占领的扎波罗热发电厂；可能的战俘交换；以及全球粮食安全。战争扰乱了通过黑海运输粮食和化肥。
泽连斯基的计划还要求俄罗斯军队撤出被占领的乌克兰领土，停止敌对行动，恢复乌克兰与俄罗斯的原有边界，包括俄罗斯撤出被占领的克里米亚。由于乌克兰最近大多处于守势，这些希望似乎越来越渺茫。
普京希望任何和平协议都以战争初期谈判达成的协议草案为基础，该草案包括乌克兰中立地位和武装力量限制的规定，同时推迟有关俄罗斯占领地区的谈判。多年来，乌克兰加入北约的努力让莫斯科感到愤怒。
他希望乌克兰放弃加入北约的努力，并将其军队撤出俄罗斯在 2022 年非法吞并的地区。
卡内基俄罗斯欧亚中心主任亚历山大·加布耶夫说：“战场形势发生了巨大变化。”他指出，尽管俄罗斯“无法通过军事手段迅速实现其最大目标”，但它在战场上势头强劲。
当世界各国领导人在瑞士讨论和平之路时，战争在乌克兰继续进行，据地区官员称，周五和周六夜间，炮击造成至少三名平民死亡，15 人受伤。
与此同时，俄罗斯南部别尔哥罗德州州长维亚切斯拉夫·格拉德科夫在社交媒体上发文指责乌克兰对周五谢别基诺镇一栋五层公寓楼遭炮击事件负责，该事件造成五人死亡。基辅方面尚未就此发表评论。
题图：周六（15日），美国副总统卡马拉·哈里斯与其他官员一起参加了在瑞士卢塞恩举行的乌克兰和平峰会。在那里，她宣布美国将向乌克兰提供 15 亿美元的新援助，用于能源基础设施和民用安全等一系列项目。SEDAT SUNA/GETTY
附原英文报道：
World leaders meet in Switzerland to discuss a Ukraine peace roadmap. Russia is notably absent
By JAMEY KEATEN and AAMER MADHANI The Associated Press,Updated June 15, 2024
OBBÜRGEN, Switzerland — Dozens of world leaders converged on a Swiss resort Saturday to discuss how to bring peace to war-ravaged Ukraine, though any hopes of a real breakthrough were muted by the absence of Russia.
More than two years into the war, the combatants remain as far apart as they’ve ever been, with Kyiv sticking to its demands that Russia leave all Ukrainian territory it has seized and Moscow pressing on with its grinding offensive that has already taken large swaths of eastern and southern Ukraine.
Despite Russia’s absence from the conference at the Bürgenstock resort overlooking Lake Lucerne, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy suggested that one measure of the two-day event’s success was “bringing back to the world the idea that joint efforts can stop war and establish a just peace.”
Attendees faced a tricky balancing act, with many chastising Russia for breaking international law while hedging their positions to leave the door open for Moscow to join future peace talks that might bring about an end to the conflict one day.
“Here, there are representatives from Latin America, Africa, Europe, the Middle East and Asia, the Pacific, North America and religious leaders,” Zelenskyy said. “Now, there is no Russia here. Why? Because if Russia was interested in peace, there would be no war.”
“We must decide together what a just peace means for the world and how it can be achieved in a truly lasting way,” he said. “At the first peace summit, we must determine how to achieve a just peace, so that at the second, we can already settle on a real end to the war.”
About half of the roughly 100 delegations were led by heads of state and government. Analysts said turnout would be a key indicator about how much pull Ukraine and its staunch Western backers have with the broader international community.
Russian President Vladimir Putin on Friday sought to cast a shadow over the Swiss-Ukrainian initiative for the conference. Some countries such as India, Turkey and Saudi Arabia that have retained ties, at times lucrative, with Moscow — unlike Western powers that have sanctioned Russia over the war — were also on hand.
Saudi Arabia’s foreign minister, Prince Faisal bin Farhan, told the conference that credible peace talks will need Russia’s participation and require “difficult compromise.”
Turkey’s foreign minister, Hakan Fidan, acknowledged the mistrust between Russia and Ukraine, saying “each side regards the other party’s steps (in floating proposals) as an extension of broader war effort.”
“Excellencies, I must also note that this summit could have been more results-oriented if the other party to the conflict — Russia — was present in the room,” he added.
Entering the venue, President Gitanas Nauseda of Lithuania, a NATO member country that has been one of the most stalwart supporters of fellow former Soviet republic Ukraine, said Russian troops must leave Ukraine, and that Moscow must be held accountable for crimes there and pay reparations for the war damage.
“Right now it seems unrealistic, but I think we have to stay united, and if international society will push the Russian Federation, everything is possible,” he told The Associated Press. “I think the situation is very clear: Ukraine has to seek territorial integrity.”
U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris, representing the United States while President Joe Biden attended a fundraiser in California, reiterated America’s full backing for Ukraine and announced $1.5 billion in new U.S. assistance for an array of projects such as energy infrastructure and civilian security.
China, which backs Russia, joined scores of countries that sat out the event. Beijing has said any peace process would require the participation of Russia and Ukraine, and has floated its own ideas for peace.
In a separate initiative last month, China and Brazil agreed to six “common understandings” toward a political settlement of the Ukraine crisis, asking other countries to play a role in promoting peace talks to be held “at a proper time” with both Russia and Ukraine involved.
The standoff over Ukraine is steeped in security for Europe — it is the continent’s deadliest conflict since World War II — and big-power geopolitics.
U.S. intelligence officials say China has increased sales of machine tools, microelectronics and other technology to Russia that Moscow is using to produce missiles, tanks, aircraft and other weaponry to fuel its war effort.
“What is clear is that China is not here, and I presume they’re not here because Putin asked them not to come and they obliged Putin,” said Biden’s top foreign policy advisor, Jake Sullivan. “And I think that says something about where China stands with respect to Russia’s war in Ukraine. I think countries should take notice of that.”
Harris and Sullivan both acknowledged that not all participants were on the same page about an eventual peace settlement.
Russian troops who control nearly a quarter of Ukraine have made territorial gains in recent months. When talk of the Swiss-hosted peace summit began last summer, Ukrainian forces had recently regained large tracts of territory, notably near the southern city of Kherson and the northern city of Kharkiv.
The conference centers on three agenda items — seen as the least controversial bits of a 10-point peace “formula” laid out by Zelenskyy: Nuclear safety, including at the Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia power plant; possible prisoner of war exchanges; and global food security. The war has disrupted shipments of food and fertilizer through the Black Sea.
Zelenskyy’s plan also called for the withdrawal of Russian troops from occupied Ukrainian territory, the cessation of hostilities and the restoration of Ukraine’s original borders with Russia, including Russia’s withdrawal from occupied Crimea. With Ukrainian mostly on the defensive these days, those appear to be increasingly distant hopes.
Putin wants any peace deal to be built around a draft agreement negotiated in the early phases of the war that included provisions for Ukraine’s neutral status and limits on its armed forces, while delaying talks about Russian-occupied areas. Ukraine’s push to join NATO over the years has rankled Moscow.
He wants Ukraine to drop its bid to join NATO and pull its forces out of regions that Russia illegally annexed in 2022.
“The situation on the battlefield has changed dramatically,” said Alexander Gabuev, director of the Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center, noting that although Russia “can’t achieve its maximalist objectives quickly through military means,” it is gaining momentum on the battlefield.
As world leaders discussed a pathway to peace in Switzerland, the war ground on in Ukraine, where shelling killed at least three civilians and wounded 15 others on Friday and overnight into Saturday, regional officials said.
Meanwhile, Vyacheslav Gladkov, the governor of Russia’s southern Belgorod region, blamed Ukraine in a social media post for shelling that struck a five-story apartment building in the town of Shebekino on Friday, killing five people. There was no immediate comment from Kyiv.
